Religion - 995 Words

Jothams fable, trees try to decude who will be king, the olive, fid and grape vine decline as they will have good work to do, only the bramble wants to be the king, purseus it with force. Jephthah For Gilead, operates in the Transjordan against the Ammonites- contract that if successful then we will be made a ruler After success in battle to, promises to sacrifice first person to come out of house- clearly implies human sacrifice- ends up sacrificing daughter (study of heroic faith) Samson Birth announced by angel, set aside as nazirite, thus no wine, strong drink, never cut hair, purity YHWHspirit of the lord is simply strength, martial zeal; there is no concern for national unity, covenant exodus tradition Last four chapters†¦show more content†¦The passage in question begins with David feeling concern that he sleeps in a house of cedar and God resides in a tent, so david wants to build a Temple of YHWh Prophet Nathan arrives and first says do what you will, but then returns and says that temple is n ot nnecessary, god likes a tent The oracle of Nathan serves as a charter fo Davidc Dynasty This is not a covenant in the traditional sense where there is a give and take, rather it is unconditional grant This grant is one of adoption, God adopts David as a son In terms of history, Davidc dunasty lasts 400 years till Babulonin Exile Excurses: The Royal Idealogy of Judah Timeframe of D sources is King Josiah Psalm 2- understanding the king of Jerusalem is the kings of kings- others call king Adonai, my Lord a prhase used for YHWH in later Judaism post Exile Royal idealogy found in Ps 45 Adresses king as elohim, god, not to refer to king as the god of Abraham but certainly more than the common Israelite Royal idealogy is critical to the development of messianism in the pstexilic Judaism, and later adaption in prto-christianity \ CH 10-14 Kings begins withShow MoreRelatedReligion, Religion And Religion1189 Words   |  5 PagesReligion is a concept that is passed down from generation to generation. Thankfully, because someone decided to write the religious values down, same of religions core concepts haven’t changed much. But people typically don’t learn their religion by growing up and finding a bible or Quran and reading it. People form religious identities from their culture and how a person is shaped by the world. Religion will forever refuse to die because it gives people a purpose in this world. The people thatRead MoreReligion : Religion And Religion Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesReligion. Whenever I hear people talking about that word, I draw a blank. I start to question what really is religion, why is it so talked about, and why is it such a big deal to our society. Recently I learned that religion was a concept that was created by mankind a long time ago. Yet religion isn’t something that has one specific definition, because people have different religious constructs within their cultures around the world. Before taking this class, I never had a definition that I likedRead MoreReligion And Religion : Religion866 Words   |  4 PagesTITLE What is religion? Religion can be many things depending on which religion one practices, but one thing remains the same across every religion and that is that it is all based on faith. The core of every religion is an abstract thing. Religion is ultimately reliant on belief in invisible beings, inaudible voices, ethereal entities, and events and judgments that occur after we die. It is a fabrication of our minds. Religion requires its followers to simply accept it, without solid evidenceRead MoreReligion, Religion And Religion1418 Words   |  6 Pages When discussing religion, many people have different perspectives about religion beliefs and how to approach it. Religion is grouped in different sections such as, religion and spirituality, religion and philosophy, and religion and politics. Religion has many different views from different cultures because everyone approaches it differently with different beliefs also. To make something religion, is to have some type of belief in God, but everyone’s belief is different depending on the cultureRead MoreReligion : Religion And Religion1747 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Jensen Religion Studies 102 Meaning of Life: Religion Throughout human history, religion is now and always has been the main topic of discussion. In my paper, I will discuss reasons why it is important to study religion and how it was constituted. Religion is what makes us who we are today. Therefore, there are many reasons to study religion. Religion has shown itself as being able to unite people and to divide them since everyone has his or her own beliefs. The study of religion is not onlyRead MoreReligion : Religion And Religion935 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing the overall religion of what is typically traditional to be called religion. Religion which is commonly known as the belief in the supernatural naturally produces a influence of the making of society throughout what is known as history. Commonly as we know it from day to day many people of different cultures, races are largely structured by religion. Religion affects more than culture it effects law and politics as well as education and behavioral norms. Religion started during the secularRead MoreReligion, Religion And Religion879 Words   |  4 Pageshundred different religions in the world, all proclaiming different things, it can getting a little frustrating to decide on one to call home. However, every Religion claims to be the one true religion. Is it the fact that one has a large following, or even a large building erected in the manifestation of the words they proclaim? Or is it a minute group of disciples focused on solving the ever frightening problems that the world faces every day? Mirriam Webster Dictionary defines a Religion as â€Å"the beliefRead MoreReligion : Religion And Religion Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pages Today our world is brimming with diverse cultures, religions, and languages. Being diverse make each individual unique from others. According to the Isaak Sevensson article â€Å"religion has come to play an increasingly important role in shaping today’s world†. In general religion, con flicts are more about human nature than religion itself. People usually create problems and blame the God, saying my religion said it or it s written in the holy book. God is not the one who created different amongRead MoreReligion, Religion And Religion1444 Words   |  6 Pages Religion is a very difficult topic for me to navigate, and a rather personal one. While on the surface I might seem very atheistic and anti-religion, this is very far from the truth. I have had quite a complicated relationship with religion over the years, and it is still something I am struggling to figure out. When I was in primary school we were taught quite a lot about religion. It was something that was constantly there in the school’s agenda, with assemblies every Monday morning in whichRead MoreReligion And Religion902 Words   |  4 PagesThe incorporation of religion into a person’s life displays how a belief in gods can impact every facet of someone’s life. The entirety of religion is based solely on faith and the willpower of someone’s belief in what has been taught to them. In these teachings, through sacred texts, manuscripts, or orally transmitted; the basis of many religions is the idea of an object, person, or building being sacred. The reason something becomes sacred and is then believed to be sacred is because the sacred

Child Marriage Is A Violation Of Children - 1871 Words

Child marriage is a forced marriage where the individual or individuals’ are children and under the age of 18 who cannot or do not consent to being married (Jelenic Keeley 2013). This essay argues that the best way to prevent child marriage in Australia is to generate tougher criminalisation laws. The essay will begin by briefly outlining the extent of child marriage in Australia before going on to illustrate a case study that expresses the issue. The essay will then argue potential solutions, including means of tougher criminalisation for offenders. It will further consider the importance of education for children and touch on methods to raise awareness, before drawing on ways the community can work together to prevent child marriage. Finally the essay will reflect on the arguments taken and conclude with the best way to prevent child marriage in Australia. Child marriage is a violation of children’s human rights and often involves physical, emotional, financial, sexual or psychological pressure and abuse (Levesque 1999). Approximately 14 million children as young as 8 years of age fall victim to child marriages worldwide each year, robbing them of their childhood, education and future dreams (Quinell 2015). A study conducted by the ‘National Children’s and Youth Law Centre’ identified over 250 cases of child marriages in Australia over 24 months (Jelenic Keeley 2013). The study confirmed that over 15 Australian children are being sent overseas each year for a forcedShow MoreRelatedShould Marriage for Same Sex Couples be Legal in United States?1220 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage as generally define is the union between one man and one woman. However a recent debate over same-sex marriage has stirred a nationwide debate reverberating in the halls of Congress, at the White House, in dozens of state courtrooms a nd legislatures, and is also becoming a speech-making topic for election campaigns at both the national and state levels. As the debate for this controversial topic rages on, the American religious community view on the topic remains deeply divided over theRead MoreChild Marriage964 Words   |  4 PagesPresent time, child marriage is a curse in the global society. Child marriage is a violation of human rights. In most cases young girls get married off to significantly older men when they are still children. Child marriages must be viewed within a context of force and coercion, involving pressure and emotional blackmail, and children that lack the choice or capacity to give their full consent. Child marriage must therefore always be considered forced marriage because valid consent is absent - andRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage1637 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States, marriage is seen as a sacred and consensual institution, but in developing countries, many children are int roduced to marriage in a different manner. According to the United Nations Population Fund, one girl in every three is married before the age of eighteen in developing countries (Child Marriage, 1). Are the measures previously taken by the International Law community that attempt to put and end to child marriages an effective measure to stop this violation of human rights? IRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1311 Words   |  6 PagesGetter: Apparently Gay marriage will destroy the institution of marriage but countless divorced heterosexual marriages, celebrity marriages that can hardly last over 2 weeks are not? How can gay marriage possibly destroy a institution that is already failing? Pros and cons: Many argue that allowing homosexuals to wed will go against there religious beliefs, but not allowing them to marry is a huge violation of rights protected by the Constitution. Stance: Same sex marriage should be legal, it isRead MoreViolation of Child Rights1704 Words   |  7 PagesViolation of Child Rights Introduction First of all, if we want to talk about violation of child rights we have to define child rights, what they are, and to whom they are intended.†A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. , World leaders in 1989 decided that children needed a special convention, because children often need special care and protection that adults do not. The leaders also wanted toRead MoreThe Marriage Act ( 1949 )859 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Marriage Act (1949), it provides for the restrictions on marriage, stating thus: â€Å"A marriage solemnized between persons either of whom is under the age of sixteen shall be void † Section 6 of the Marriage Act (1970) also requires that the marriage of any person under the age of eighteen must be with full consent . Section 11 of the Matrimonial Causes Act states thus: Nullity (11) Grounds on which a marriage is void. A marriage celebrated after 31st July 1971 shall be void on theRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesChild marriage is one of the hardest things a teenage child could face. It is basically a violation of children’s human rights. It is strictly prohibited by international law. Early marriage takes away the girls right to make important decisions about their sexual health and well being. Historically, patriarchal societies have marginalized women in various aspects across the world. Women disenfranchisement, in this way, is not a new phenomenon. However, with the passage of time women have been ableRead MoreMarriage Private By Stephanie Coontz1196 Words   |  5 Pagespast, few centuries the concept of marriage has become a matter of church and state. Those who wish to become a married couple within the United States must get permission from the states by obtaining a marriage license. According to Taking Marriage Private by Stephanie Coontz for s ixteen centuries marriage was valid based upon the couples wishes. If both the man and women claimed they had exchanged vows, then the Catholic Church would recognize it as a valid marriage. Today all states require that aRead MoreForced Marriage During The Middle East1729 Words   |  7 Pages Since some decade, forced marriage has been a source of problem in Africa and in the Middle East in a ration of families. It is likewise a very challenging, and profound theme to talk about besides to resolve in those societies since it is very difficult to know the true percentage of forced marriages. What is the definition of forced marriage? Forced marriage is the union of two persons, without the agreement of one of them. The two families of the marry couple, will prepare everythingRead MoreNorms Of A Norm Violation869 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered not so normal. These social norms are important so that people can act a certain way in society. Doing a norm violation project for this class has been a fun project. Norms are expectations of a behavior that are considered to be the right way to act. What is considered right behavior? Some things I do in my life can be considered a norm or a norm violation. Norm violations are stepping away from what our society considers to be a norm. There are a few different types of norms. Norms that

The idea of anti-sexism has hardly scratched the surface of the popular male imagination Free Essays

The usual view of men’s anti-sexism is that it centres around men who find it personally important to challenge the pressure to conform to a ‘macho’ image plus a handful of politically aware men wanting to assist on what are seen as feminist issues. In fact any man giving it serious thought will come to see domestic violence, rape, care of their children and suchlike as being men’s issues. However, the average man will not be drawn into men’s groups by these issues, and will tend to see men’s anti-sexism as a movement without a cause. We will write a custom essay sample on The idea of anti-sexism has hardly scratched the surface of the popular male imagination or any similar topic only for you Order Now But I believe it’s a movement which has remained marginal by failing to acknowledge its biggest cause. Men’s groups tend to look for a personal response to the contradictions their members face – THEY are the problem, they must change. This seems to be unrelated to the impersonal world of politics and the hard realities of jobs, pay, working hours and conditions, etc. But this is exactly the area where anti-sexism could have its greatest impact. Because, in spite of the effects of massive unemployment, little has changed men’s ideas about work. The classic picture of man-as-incomplete-person that men’s groups invoke – emotionally retarded, distant from his children, competitive at work and dominant at home – describes a man well moulded to the career world. The stereotypical male values closely match the qualities desirable in competitive work. Despite the ‘personal politics’ of a few men, the nature of work itself has not changed and continues to reinforce the same traditional male values. But there are now women working successfully in most professions – so why should male values continue to dominate? It is because of the strict division between full-time and part-time work. It’s in full-time work in the majority of occupations that men and traditional values prevail – women in these jobs work on men’s terms. Part-time work on the other hand is clearly the province of women – over 90% of part-timers in Britain is female. In fact, much of the recent increase in women’s employment has been in the part-time sector. So what are the differences in these two areas of work? Full-time jobs are valued more highly, often paid a ‘family wage’, and require the specialisation of skills and continued commitment that would merit the title ‘career’ (though the principle is the same from bricklaying to brain surgery). This continuity is very important – women (in Britain) are permitted usually only a token break for maternity and men generally none for paternity. Outside this career world, there is both unpaid domestic work, including childcare, and formal part-time work – with pay, conditons, prospects and job interest generally worse than full-time work. There are two results of this duality of working situations. Firstly, because of women’s unavoidable involvement in caring for their babies, career work favours men. Full-time work has changed little to accommodate the increasing number of women in it, who have to accept the limitations imposed by men such as avoiding children or delegating their care to the domestic/part-time sector. Secondly, the domestic and part-time workforce is not only economically inferior to the career sector but actually services its interests and sustains it. This relationship is the framework for exploitation of both capitalist and patriarchal nature. So, women having children must be free from work from late pregnancy until the baby is weaned at the very least. As men are generally not permitted any reasonable paternity leave it is necessarily the mother who continues to look after the child at least until school age (unless the parents are willing and financially able to pay someone else to do so). If these considerations did not keep the woman out of full-time work in the first place, they are likely to do so for some years at this stage, especially since this whole situation increases the likelihood that the father will be earning more than her at this financially critical time. While this rigid division of work exists, therefore, women wanting children will be disadvantaged in full-time work, and many women having children will have to accept the limitations of part-time work. Men, if they are able to get full-time work, will almost always take this in preference to part-time work – and when they become fathers are likely to be under financial pressure to keep their full-time job, at the expense of their involvement with their children. Some European men, notably in Belgium, have come up with ideas that could break down the rigidity of this full-time/part-time division. They have lobbied the European Parliament for the establishment in the EEC Constitution of what they call the Flexible Work Right. This would be the legal right of anyone to choose how many hours a week to work, being paid accordingly. It would be a move against the binding domination of full-time work and the undervaluing of part-time work, which would allow a balance of working and domestic life to suit the priorities of individual men and women. In particular, parents would be free to share childcare and earning according to their own values. A practical shift in the distribution of the tasks between the sexes would open the door to many other changes. If the responsibility for financial support was no longer borne principally by men this could undermine the damaging tendency for manhood to be measured by economic success – which is often won at the price of being a second rate parent. And for women, work on these terms would mean not only an increase in real economic power and independence, but with this a greater participation in public and political life. Also any overall reduction in average hours worked could help to reduce unemployment in the right circumstances. So how might these ideas be realised in practice? Three possibilities for change are better provision for job sharing, more flexibility of working hours (especially total hours worked) and better parental leave allowances. As far as trade unions are concerned, defending the interests (primarily financial) of those in work comes before freeing members to work less. So small reductions in the working week, (which would probably serve mainly to increase overtime payments), take priority over genuine flexibility of hours and job-sharing provisions. Some forward-looking unions ARE seeking better paternity leave – most men take some time off whether it is officially available or not (94% in a recent Equal Opportunities Commission study). Better parental leave entitlement would go some way toward the goals of this anti-sexist men’s politics, especially since the right to flexible work will surely only be won in slow stages. And here the EEC is already playing a part. The EEC Commission has issued a directive aiming to set minimum standards for parental leave in all member countries (three months for men and women during the child’s first two years, in addition to maternity leave and at no extra cost to employers). Despite agreement of all other members, and within Britain support of the House of Lords and the Equal Opportunities Commission, the British government has so far vetoed the passage of this Directive into Community law. So there’s no doubt that some aspects of anti-sexist thinking are as political as they are personal. But the anti-sexist angle on work doesn’t end there. Poor working conditions and occupational safety may be sustained by ideas of what is ‘manly’. The notion that men who complain of bad conditions and danger are soft is sexist and encourages mistreatment of workers – not to mention alienating and excluding women. The response to noise, pollution and heavy lifting may be headaches, ulcers, heart disease and backache; human conditions too are important – if work is a hostile or authoritarian place men may take it out in drinking or violence outside work. A humane workplace is essential for a humane world. The goals of this ‘men’s politics’ in fact complement those of feminism despite their separate and apparently selfish motivation. This motivation is crucial since the issue of work as a major limitation in their lives is one with which many could identify. This idea – men seeing themselves as ‘work objects’ – paves the way for a wider view of anti-sexism, encompassing the aspects of personal change and ‘feminist’ causes important to men’s groups now. It would suggest too, a positive attitude of relating some of the less desirable trappings of maleness to the situations which shaped them, rather than blaming them on maleness itself. If men looked objectively at the unnecessary sacrifices they make on the altar of work, anti-sexism would suddenly seem relevant to many more men than the few involved at present. (C) Five Cram POSTSCRIPT The above article considers one interesting proposal for breaking down the male-dominated character of paid work. For example, as this issue went to press, a Bill introduced by the Labour MP Harry Cohen, which would introduce a statutory right to a period of parental care for parents of young children, was due to receive a second reading in the House of Commons. Under this Bill, employees with children under two years old (five if the child is disabled or adopted) would be entitled to 13 weeks paid leave if both parents are in paid work, 26 weeks if he or she is a single parent and 4 weeks if the other parent is ineligible for parental leave, for example because of unemployment. The entitlement is not transferable between the parents. The scheme would be paid for by employers and the Government. Under this Government – and probably any currently realistic alternative – it is unlikely to become law. I think it is an important step forward, but how can we as men help it to happen? Schemes of this sort, although less generous, already exist in ten of the twelve EEC countries – why not here? Even if employers, unions and the Government could be persuaded that this sort of parental leave provision is in their interests, there is a danger that it would divert attention away from the need to extend workplace nurseries and local authority childcare provision, and further privatise the provision of ‘care’ in our society. Another important issue is how, ‘parental’ schemes like this should be linked to more general ones like a Flexible Work Right. Which should have higher priority, and what would their effects be on the level of unemployment? Finally, I doubt if such voluntary schemes would be enough to bring about major changes in the distribution of labour between the sexes. Particularly in times of high unemployment and low wage increases, when the perceived priority of maximising the ‘breadwinners’ earnings is greatest, many men would not willingly reduce their hours worked. Schemes involving paid leave avoid this problem, but inevitably involve smaller changes in hours worked so as not to be prohibitively expensive. Compulsory schemes, such as legal limits on basic hours of work and overtime (to encourage men to invest more time and effort in the home) would probably also be needed, but care would be needed to avoid reducing low-paid workers’ wages oven further. But, to end on a positive note, it is true that there is a long-term trend towards fewer hours spent in paid employment by each male worker – the average has fallen by over one third in the last 100 years. Let’s hope it continues and that employed men make good use of the growing part of their lives spent outside paid jobs. How to cite The idea of anti-sexism has hardly scratched the surface of the popular male imagination, Papers

Management and Organizational Behavior Employee Motivation

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Organizational Behaviorfor Employee Motivation. Answer: Introduction The organizational behavior is one of the most important aspects required for the smooth functioning of the organization (Miner, 2015). This report would revolve mainly around employee motivation, job satisfaction and the stress management in modern workplaces. The report would be based on the situation given in the Bust Up case study. Problem/Issue Identification The case study focused on the organizational dynamics of a hospital clinic and the silent tiff between Wendy and Tanya. Wendy was angry about the fact that Tanya was promoted to the post of Nurse Manager while she believed that she has the potential to take that post. This caused Wendy to be completely demotivated and she was furious at the workplace. Her over expectation and over-confidence made her unable to bear the actual situation. Instead of focusing on her present job, she was pre-occupied with the promotion and was jealous towards Tanya for securing that position. There was a growing job dissatisfaction for her and she was creating issues in the workplace. Tanya was also finding it difficult to manage the behavior of Wendy as one dissatisfied employee ruins the overall organizational work culture. This concern was bothering Tanya and it has become a matter of concern for her. Explanation of Wendys Behavior The motivation of a person is directly related to the type of forces within the person that affects the intensity, direction and the persistence of his behavior. Wendy lacked motivation due to the professional circumstances. According to Taormina and Gao (2013), the self-esteem parameter of Maslows needs hierarchy indicates that Wendy longed for accomplishment in the workplace. She wished to occupy the senior managerial post in order to gain prestige in the workplace. Every human being has some psychological needs and if they are not fulfilled, they become dissatisfied. The four drive theory of motivation specifies that the personal values, social norms and the various drive based emotions convert into goal-directed effort and choice (Shafi, Khemka Roy Choudhury, 2016). Wendy had the drive to acquire the senior management post and to ride up the hierarchy. She also had the urge to form relationships as well as social commitments. But, these things did not happen with her. She wished to protect herself in the professional environment. The combined effects of all these factors increased her demotivation level. As per the learned needs theory, the needs are influenced by social norms, self-concept and past experiences (Yener Ulukus, 2015). Wendy was promised that she would be the next occupier of the position of the Nursing Manager and when the reality became the opposite, Wendy was completely demotivated. The learned theory states that the individuals are looking for power, affiliation and achievement. Wendy failed to undertake steps that would help her to reach the goals. She wished to gain power, by joining the post of Nurse Manager. These reasons caused internal conflict among her and she was unable to cope up with it. Use of Equity Theory in Explaining Wendys Action The equity theory of the organization justice shows the way people do develop different kinds of perception relating to fairness in the exchange of organizational resources (Greenberg Cohen, 2014). Wendy started comparing her own outcomes with that of Tanyas organizational outcomes. She started feeling that she should also get same benefits, pay, designation, recognition as Tanya enjoyed in the organization. She also felt that it is important to have equal promotion and interesting job like her colleagues. Both Tanya and Wendy worked on the same job role and since Tanya got promoted, so Wendy started believing that it was unequal distribution of outcomes. She wanted to have equal rights and outcomes as that of her co-workers in the same organization. This was the basic reason for the misappropriate behavior of Wendy. Possible Future Actions of Wendy and Recommended strategy for Tanya The EVLN model of employee dissatisfaction would help in the identification of probable future actions of Wendy (Jung Yoon, 2015). She may exit the organization and try to get away from the unsatisfactory situation. Alternatively, she can voice her opinions to the top management for attempting to change the present situation and make her replace Tanya. It is also possible that Wendy would completely neglect her job role, organizational duty and would less likely to focus on her work. Tanya should try to formulate a strategy in order to handle the current organizational imbalance caused due to the negative behavior of an employee. She should try to talk directly with Wendy and make her understand the current situation. She can alternatively consult with the top management and offer a more aspiring position to Wendy, so that she would be well motivated in her job role in the organization. Stress Management Plan for Tanya The primary cause of stress for Tanya is the growing intolerance in the workplace and the disturbing attitude of her co-worker Wendy. This was causing a negative vibe in the workplace and lowering of the productivity. Tanya was the manager of the clinic and hence these tensions bothered her. The stress management strategy for Tanya is discussed as under- Conduct motivational sessions for employees of the clinic so that they are empowered. Engage in face to face discussion with Wendy and show her how her behavior is affecting the entire organizational culture (Folkman, 2013). Practice deep breathing and meditation exercises (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Involve top management and discuss about the issue. She should discuss about providing some challenging job roles to Wendy so that she can survive in the organization happily. Give non-financial rewards to Wendy, which may cause temporary relief of the situation. Conclusion The organizational behavior is one of the most powerful aspects for the smooth functioning of the modern organizations. This report discussed the different attributes of the organizational behavior of employees, employee demotivation and stress caused due to misappropriate behavior in the workplace. It helped to gain learning of organizational dynamics by studying the case of Wendy and Tanya. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Folkman, S. (2013).Stress: appraisal and coping(pp. 1913-1915). Springer New York. Greenberg, J., Cohen, R. L. (Eds.). (2014).Equity and justice in social behavior. Academic press. Jung, H. S., Yoon, H. H. (2015). The Relationship between Job Dissatisfaction and Turnover in a Deluxe Hotel and a Family Restaurant.Korean journal of food and cookery science,31(5), 635-641. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Shafi, A. A., Khemka, M., Roy Choudhury, S. (2016). A new approach to motivation: Four-drive model.Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment,26(2), 217-226. Taormina, R. J., Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs.The American journal of psychology,126(2), 155-177. Yener, A., Ulukus, S. (2015). Wireless physical-layer security: lessons learned from information theory.Proceedings of the IEEE,103(10), 1814-1825.